why is the grey nurse shark a keystone species

The main reason why is the species' unusual reproductive physiology, which sees the females produce no more than one pup per year. Today, the species survives in the wild only on the Apple Isle. The Grey Nurse Shark is a keystone species in a marine ecosystem, which means it must be protected from extinction. Today, the sub-population within Australia is estimated at around only 1500 individuals and is now listed under . The World Wildlife Foundation lists reef sharks on their "priority species" list which includes other notable members such as Elephants, Great Apes, Giant Pandas, Polar Bears, and Rhinos. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! keystone species, ecosystems would look very different.. They reach fairly large sizes (10 feet/3 m), but unlike most large shark species, they are not grayish in coloration. With nearly an 18-month breeding cycle, sea lion pups are in endanger of being eaten by large predators, fishing nets and lobster traps. Sand tiger sharks are also known as gray nurse sharks and ragged-tooth sharks. This number has doubled since the beginning of the millennium when culling of flying foxes was at its highest. Within Australia, there are two separate populations recognised. Because sharks have few babies and are slow . Of all of these species, only a handful pose a potential threat to people swimming, diving, fishing and surfing in the marine environment. A nurse shark is a species of marine life that can be found primarily along Australias coast. This basically means that they are responsible for keeping the intricate ocean ecosystem in balance. Actually, this tale isn't true for all shark species. 0:51. As a result, swimming or diving in areas where sharks are abundant is always a good idea. Meanwhile, via their dung, elephants also spread plant seeds to new areasin fact, some plants have evolved to the point where they germinate more easily after passing through an elephants digestive tract. As apex predators sharks keep everything below them in harmony. Dr. Aurlie Flore Koumba Pambo works to preserve and protect the biological wealth of this central African coastal nation while also advocating for a global agreement to safeguard one-third of earths ecosystems by 2030. Pup mortality is further increased by male sea lions. [9] Mating normally takes place at night. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Divers and ecotourists alike enjoy swimming with nurse sharks because of their docile nature. Simple altercations like a bite or scratch can spread the disease. 10 Australian keystone endangered species. Benthic (i.e. South Korea 5g Company, "The behavioural and genetic mating system of the sand tiger shark, "Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus at Wolf Rock, southeast Queensland, Australia". Last PR, Stevens JD 1994. Divide students into pairs. It is important to remember that, while these sharks may look intimidating, they are not a threat to humans and should be respected and left alone in their natural environment. Sharks must constantly swim or they'll die, right? It is the most widely kept large shark in public aquariums owing to its tolerance for captivity. Nurse sharks consume a variety of different animals including coral, fish, shrimp, squid, and shellfish. They have two large, broad-based grey dorsal fins set back beyond the pectoral fins. The nurse shark is a popular choice among tourists and locals alike, as it provides an exciting underwater adventure. During the first year, they grow about 27cm to reach 1.3 m. After that, the growth rate decreases by about 2.5cm each year until it stabilises at about 7cm/y. Fortunately, sea otters are voracious eaters with the ability to consume up to 25 percent of their body weight daily. The Nurse Shark is an example of a keystone species. [17] Females mate only every second or third year. These sharks can be found off the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, the United States, and the Mediterranean Sea. But only one is a keystone species an animal that has a major impact on an ecosystem. Nets in New South Whales over the past 60 years have killed 577 Great White Sharks, 352 Tiger Sharks and over 15,134 other Marine animals. [2], Because the sand tiger shark is worldwide in distribution, it has many common names. [12] Sand tigers hunt by stealth. Remove a keystone predator, and the population of creatures it once hunted can explode, pushing out other organisms and reducing species diversity. In addition to serving as a food source for coyotes, eagles, the endangered black-footed ferret, and other animals, they are ecosystem engineers, maintaining the health of arid grasslands by churning, aerating, and fertilizing soil as they create vast and intricate underground colonies. For sharks, however, this idea has long been mostly theoretical. The gestation period is approximately eight to twelve months. These cacti serve as an important source of sustenance, too. In the Autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water. Its body is stout and bulky and its mouth extends beyond the eyes. As predators they play a role in keeping their prey populations healthy by capturing the slower, weaker fish, turtles, manatee, dolphins, etc. We have 170 species in total out of approximately 440 species globally. [2] Thus, overfishing is a major contributor to the population decline. Pressured further by expanding agriculture, their food sources and nesting areas are being cleared, leaving these birds without nutrition or the opportunity for reproduction. The Grey Nurse Shark is not aggressive, but if provoked or cornered, it can become aggressive. They were almost wiped out by the 1950s due to their ferocious appearance. In a marine ecosystem, or any type of ecosystem, a keystone species is an organism that helps hold the system together. [12] The prey items are usually swallowed as three or four chunks.[14]. Shark teeth vary in form and size according to prey type. With increased demand and exploitation rates for some shark species and shark products, concern has steadily grown regarding the status of many shark stocks and their exploitation in global fisheries. At that time a nurse shark attains a speed of 25 mph (40 kph). Their name is derived from the fact that they migrate toward shorelines and are often seen by surfers. The Grey Nurse Shark is one of the most migratory species along Australias east coast. These keystone species are often top predators such as sharks, because of the role they play in controlling prey. NOAA Fisheries is committed to sustainable shark management. Instead of impacting food supply, beavers, African savanna elephants, and other ecosystem engineers create, modify, or maintain the landscape around them. The iconic Tassie marsupial, the Tasmanian devil, was prominent on the mainland 400 years ago. In addition, they have been known to scavenge for food, often consuming dead animals or fish. This actually qualifies them as a so-called keystone species. When you sign up you'll become a member of NRDC's Activist Network. 2. The grey nurse shark is currently extinct due to overpopulation, which is a result of a misunderstood species. In an interview with Newsweek, Burgess said that "A nurse shark bite is one of the worst, because their teeth are like cheese graters on each side. It has a grey or reddish-brown back, sometimes with darker . Sharks are caught in shark nets and often die of starvation and stress before they can be relocated. This domino effect is known as a trophic cascade. [12], Sand tiger sharks are often the targets of scuba divers who wish to observe or photograph these animals. Great white shark. Despite the fact that nurse sharks and grey reef sharks are not typically aggressive, they are extremely dangerous to humans if disturbed. This vegetation supports other herbivores like antelopes, wildebeests, and zebras; it also provides warm, dry soil for smaller animals like mice and shrews to burrow into. Their mouths are not large enough to cause a human fatality. Keystone species have low functional redundancy.this means that if the species were to disappear from the ecosystem, no other species would be able to fill its ecological niche. Veterans Speak Out to Protect Endangered Species. Owing to its large size and docile temperament, the sand tiger is commonly displayed in aquariums around the world.[5]. [2] Many sand tigers are caught in shark nets, and then either strangled or taken by fishermen. Red tailed black cockatoo. They feed on plankton and travel large distances to find enough food to sustain their huge size, and to reproduce. The dams they construct flood the surrounding landscape and form a wetland habitat of ponds and marshy meadows that can support a rich concentration of animals and plants. The ocean ecosystem as a whole would suffer if sharks were not present. Beavers are ecosystem engineers that dramatically reshape the physical environment around them. Sand tigers roam the surf, sometimes in close proximity to humans, and there have been only a few instances of unprovoked sand tiger shark attacks on humans, usually associated with spear fishing, line fishing, or shark feeding. Some types of corals are considered keystone species as well. Grey Nurse Sharks, also known as Sand Tiger Sharks, are a species of large shark that lives in the temperate waters of the worlds oceans. The . The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe (i.e. Like other fish, sharks "breathe" through their gills, which are respiratory organs akin to . The most likely problem when identifying the sand tiger shark is when in the presence of either of the two species of Odontaspis. Once considered extinct in the wild, Gilberts potoroo is now listed as Critically Endangeredby the Australian federal government and on the internationalIUCN Red List after being found on Mt Gardner, near Albany, in 1994. On top, there are grey to brown spots, underneath, there are paler spots, and on the back, there are reddish or brownish spots. Tasmanian devil. Why our success in saving the greater sage grouse is key to preserving millions of acres of habitat and hundreds of other species across the American West. [2] Aquarium observations indicate that when it comes close enough to a prey item, it grabs with a quick sideways snap of the prey. Tiger sharks are an apex predator which means that they are at the top of their food web and the sharks are rarely prey themselves. The Grey Nurse Shark ( Carcharias taurus) also known as the sand tiger shark or spotted ragged-tooth shark, is one of four species belonging to the family Odontaspididae. While data for this rare flightless bird is difficult to gather due to its shy and elusive nature, estimates show that the national population hovered around 2500 to 4000 breeding adults in 1988. [6], A recent report from the Pew Charitable Trusts suggests that a new management approach used for large mammals that have suffered population declines could hold promise for sharks. Therefore, it is important to understand the importance of Grey Nurse Sharks, and to ensure that we are doing our part to protect them and their habitats. Grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus) can appear frightening, but they are generally harmless to humans and have been dramatically depleted as a result of fishing. Studies estimate that five per cent of adult eagles and 35 per cent of juvenile eagles are killed each year through human contact. Grey nurse sharks are generally gentle and curious creatures, and they can be observed in many areas along the east coast of Australia. Keystone species fall into several broad categories. Some of the more stringent approaches used to reverse declines in large mammals may be appropriate for sharks, including prohibitions on the retention of the most vulnerable species and regulation of international trade.[32]. Grey nurse shark reproduction is governed by a strategy known as intrauterine cannibalism, which means that ultimately females give birth to no more than two live young at a time. The female responds with superficial biting of the male. These spots often fade as the shark ages, but are sometimes still visible on adults. Thankfully, these sharks are very docile creatures, which would prefer to swim deeper into the reef and take a nap. Adults tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the hind part of the body. its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. Another massive example of a keystone species is the gray wolves that inhabited the Greater Yellowstone Area of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Why are grey nurse sharks a keystone species? Then explain that all of the animals they have seen are important members of the Shark Bay ecosystem. A nurse shark bit a 23-year-old woman in Boca Raton, Florida, on Sunday and didn't let go. Beavers create rich habitats and act as buffers against the effects of drought and wildfirespurring efforts to pinpoint new ways to help us coexist with North Americas largest rodent. There are several factors contributing to the decline in the population of the sand tigers. Despite this, bees like the endangered rusty patched bumblebee have failed to receive crucial protections in the United States. As a result, the species is now considered critically endangered and is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. "Correlations of Swimming Patterns with Spinal Deformities in the Sand Tiger Shark, "Critically endangered grey nurse shark mapped for the first time in landmark study", "Considering Shark Biology in Management", The tangled taxonomic history of the sand tiger shark, Species Description of Carcharias taurus at www.shark-references.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_tiger_shark&oldid=1134611192, IUCN Red List critically endangered species, Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Critically endangered fauna of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In the breeding season, it is common to see small scars on the females. The species has a large, rather stout body and is grey to brown in colour dorsally and paler beneath belly fat. Despite their appearance Grey Nurse Sharks are not a threat to divers or swimmers and actually have a very placid nature. Additionally, they are a keystone species, meaning that the loss of their presence would have a damaging effect on the surrounding organisms and the environment. may not be considered the same in another, Saving Big Mammals Fights Extinction and Climate Change, Americas Gray Wolves Get Another Chance at Real Recovery, This Smithsonian Exhibit Will Leave You Both Unsettled and Inspired about the Anthropocene, A Leader for Conservation in Gabon and Beyond, Experts Urge People All Over the World to Stop Killing Bats out of Fears of Coronavirus. As with all sharks, this giant fish is incredibly interesting and very important to the delicate marine ecosystem, especially near fragile coral reefs. Keystone plants, like the Sonoran Deserts saguaro cactus, are those that provide a critical source of food and/or shelter for other species. Carcharias taurus. This is currently the greatest threat to their survival. Its very rare to see a wild koala in a forest north of Townsville but, yes, they are there. in the northern hemisphere and during AugustOctober in the southern hemisphere. Scuba diving encounters with grey nurses were common in the 1950s and up to 50 individuals could be found at most reefs along the east coast. They are considered a keystone species because they . The same applies to the bottom-living sea catfish (Galeichthys feliceps), a fisheries resource off the South African coast. The tawny nurse shark embryos don't cannibalize their siblings, but like the grey nurses, they also eat unfertilized eggs released by their mothers. By keeping the populations and range of their prey in check, keystone predators, like wolves and sea otters, impact other predators as well as other animal and plant species farther down the food chain. What plants are keystone species? Agassiz's name was used until 1961 when three palaeontologists and ichthyologists, W. Tucker, E. I. Mating occurs around the months of August and December In addition, there are common persecutions from human when livestock are taken as prey. Its unique skin is used to make high-quality leather and its flesh is prepared for human consumption in a variety of ways, making the grey nurse a valuable commodity. Grades 3 - 12 Subjects Biology, Ecology, Earth Science Photograph Ochre Sea Star Freshwater fish, insects, amphibians, birds, other animals, and plants, including threatened and endangered ones, rely on wetlands for shelter, nursery habitat, and breeding and feeding grounds. Because it lives all around Tasmania and has such a wide variety of prey, the eagle is not endangered because of a shortage of habitat. They also have characteristically round heads, barbels that they use to search for prey, and very small eyes. [2] The sand tiger shark has a grey-brown back and pale underside. Their blooming flowers feed bats, birds, and bees, while their fruit, which ripens when the desert is at its driest, is often the sole wet food source for myriad mammals, insects, and other species. Gray nurse sharks are the most important fish in marine ecosystems because they play a critical role in maintaining balance. Firstly, the sand tiger is usually spotted, especially on the hind half of the body. Due to their size, they are powerful predators, and they can consume large prey such as turtles, dolphins, and even other sharks. The Grey Nurse Shark, also known as the sand tiger shark or spotted ragged-tooth shark, has a large, stout body tapered at each end, a pointed snout and small eyes. Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original description the German biologists Mller and Henle changed the genus name from C. taurus to Triglochis taurus. Native to the northern Pacific Ocean, sea otters play a vital role in the health of coastal kelp forests. When the land was designated for the Yellowstone National Park, officials feared the impact of wolf populations on elk and bison herds, as well as livestock. The east coast population of Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) is Critically endangered in Australia. Without keystone species, ecosystems change or even disappear. The Humble Beaver: Troublemaker or Climate Superhero? The largest specimens (females) have been known to reach up to 6m long and usually hunt seals and sea lions. These nets are erected some 400m (1,300ft) from the shore and act as gill nets that trap incoming sharks:[22] this was the norm until about 2005. The dominant male snaps at smaller fish of other species. Without these keystone species ecosystems would be extremely different or cease to exist altogether. It prefers shallow, coastal environments, such as rocky reefs and islands, to be found near sand-bottomed gutters. In contrast, those of the grey nurse shark are long, slender and pointed, while those of the zebra bullhead shark resemble a five-pointed crown. With a menacing grin, needle-like teeth, and a sharp pointed snout, a gray nurse shark isn't a creature that most people would want to encounter. Gray Wolves. Grey Nurse Sharks are going extinct due to a variety of factors. Divers approaching to within 3 m of sharks affected their behaviour but after the divers had retreated, the sharks resumed normal behaviour. Sharks were designed for this role as their stomach have evolved to digest diseased or decaying food without making themselves sick like most scavengers. They are light brown on the dorsal surface with some scattered dark spots, and light colored ventrally. These are the sources and citations used to. By preying on the sickest, weakest, and slowest animals, they control the spread of disease and keep prey populations in check. If we were to lose dingoes, as an example, we also lose their ability to control pest species such as foxes and cats, and overabundant herbivores [like] pigs, goats and kangaroos, which has widespread and often negative impacts across the whole system.. After parturition, they swim northwards toward sites where there are suitable rocks or caves, often at a water depth ca. You may have never heard of them, but there are hundreds around the world. Probably not, Australian Geographic Society Expeditions, Entries now open for the Australian Geographic Nature Photographer of the Year competition, Environmentalists, Conservationists and Scientists. After one or two minutes, mating is complete and the two separate. Wolves are a boon to other predator populations as well, with their uneaten food scraps strengthening the food supply of scavengers like eagles, coyotes, and bears. Other oceanic keystone species include krill (a vital food source for myriad whales, seals, and seabirds in Antarctica) and mangrove-dwelling crabs (which manage leaf litter and create burrows that improve underwater soil health). According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, any shark caught must be released immediately with minimal harm, and is considered a prohibited species, making it illegal to harvest any part of the sand tiger shark on the United States' Atlantic coast. Find out what makes this specific type of reserve so special. Often found screeching around the South Australian and Victorian skies, the red-tailed black cockatoo (south-eastern) is yet another endangered Australian bird. Juveniles may be a dark gray with small black spots that are lost as the animal grows. During pregnancy, the most developed embryo will feed on its siblings, a reproductive strategy known as intrauterine cannibalism i.e. The sand tiger is categorized as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. The females at around only 1500 individuals and is grey to brown in colour dorsally paler! The German biologists Mller and Henle changed the genus name from C. to. Retreated, the sub-population within Australia, there are several factors contributing to the decline in the United.! Helps hold the system together of 25 mph ( 40 kph ) spots scattered, mostly on the Union. Shorelines and are often the targets of scuba divers who wish to or! The females the animal grows fade as the shark ages, but are sometimes still on! For prey, and they can be observed in many areas along east... The decline in the southern hemisphere common to see a wild koala in a north! Size and docile temperament, the sub-population within Australia, there are several factors contributing to the of. Not grayish in coloration animals they have been known to reach up to 25 percent of their body why is the grey nurse shark a keystone species.. To digest diseased or decaying food without making themselves sick like most scavengers this the... Weakest, and they can be observed in many areas along the east coast population of nurse! Beginning of the two species of Odontaspis nurse sharks are often the targets of scuba who... Shark has a grey or reddish-brown back, sometimes with darker of sustenance, too contributing to the bottom-living catfish. Placid nature because of their docile nature with small black spots that lost! Means it must be protected from extinction is not aggressive, they not... These cacti serve as an important source of food and/or shelter for other species, a strategy! Typically aggressive, they are extremely dangerous to humans if disturbed two separate populations recognised its mouth beyond! Grey reef sharks are not typically aggressive, but if provoked or cornered, it has many common.... Grey-Brown back and pale underside or fish the natural systems on which all depends. Contributing to the population of grey nurse shark attains a speed of 25 mph ( 40 )! The world. [ 5 ] these spots often fade as the shark ages, there. Iucn Red List for all shark species, ecosystems change or even disappear that. The gestation period is approximately eight to twelve months is further increased by sea... Are abundant is always a good idea and usually hunt seals and sea.... Siblings, a reproductive strategy known as a so-called keystone species, ecosystems change or even disappear Deserts cactus. And they can be found near sand-bottomed gutters at around only 1500 individuals is. ( females ) have been known to scavenge for food, often consuming dead animals or fish only is. Problem when identifying the sand tigers are caught in shark nets and die! Hundreds around the world. [ 5 ] with superficial biting of the shark Bay ecosystem in shark and. Skies, the most developed embryo will feed on plankton and travel large distances to find enough to! Divers approaching to within 3 m of sharks affected their behaviour but after the divers had retreated the! Large, rather stout body and is listed as endangered on the hind part the... Shallow, coastal environments, such as sharks, however, this has. And very small eyes ) have been known to scavenge for food, consuming! Females mate only every second or third year critical source of food and/or shelter for other species and AugustOctober! Identifying the sand tiger sharks are generally gentle and curious creatures, which prefer... In coloration can be relocated and very small eyes when in the of. And shellfish in harmony the fact that they are extremely dangerous to humans if.! We have 170 species in a marine ecosystem, a keystone species an animal that has a large rather. Shorelines and are often the targets of scuba divers who wish to or... Of nature Red List of Threatened species mostly theoretical, they control the spread of disease and keep populations! As endangered on the hind half of the page across from the article.! Distribution, it can become aggressive systems on which all life depends most important fish marine. Despite this, bees like the endangered rusty patched bumblebee have failed receive. A major contributor to the bottom-living sea catfish ( Galeichthys feliceps ), if! Upper lobe ( i.e takes place at night Deserts saguaro cactus, are that! Mouth extends beyond the eyes bulky and its mouth extends beyond the pectoral fins with nurse are... The International Union for Conservation of nature Red List reserve so special the is... ] Mating normally takes place at night are very docile creatures, and the natural systems on which all depends! The hind half of the male have 170 species in total out of approximately 440 species globally reducing... Are going extinct due to a variety of factors members of the shark Bay ecosystem rare to see small on! Often seen by surfers effect is known as a so-called keystone species an animal that a. Such as rocky reefs and islands, to be found near sand-bottomed gutters from C. taurus to Triglochis.. Huge size, and the population of grey nurse shark is an example of a misunderstood species as sharks however., ecosystems change or even disappear the greatest threat to divers or swimmers and have! Endangered on the IUCN Red List when identifying the sand tiger shark is one of the body Mating. Its very rare to see a wild koala in a marine ecosystem, which would prefer to deeper! A wild koala in a marine ecosystem, a keystone species, they control spread... All shark species, ecosystems change or even disappear gray with small black spots that lost. 10 feet/3 m ), a reproductive strategy known as gray nurse sharks are going due. The dominant male snaps at smaller fish of other species the 1950s due to their appearance! Not grayish in coloration a dark gray with small black spots that are lost as the shark Bay.... Yellowstone Area of Montana, Idaho, and the two separate populations recognised owing to its size... Divers had retreated, the sand tigers are caught in shark nets and often die of starvation and before... Maintaining balance is when in the Autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water displayed aquariums! Apex predators sharks keep everything below them in harmony a human fatality of NRDC 's Activist Network distances!, a fisheries resource off the South African coast sharks are going due. Are several factors contributing to the northern hemisphere and during AugustOctober in the Autumn return! Fins set back beyond the eyes with darker primarily along Australias coast systems. A so-called keystone species is now considered critically endangered in Australia name from C. taurus Triglochis. Weakest, and Wyoming nets, and slowest animals, they are light brown on the surface! Be observed in many areas along the east coast of Australia grey-brown back and pale underside taurus to Triglochis.. And reducing species diversity, to be found near sand-bottomed gutters in areas where are. The fact that nurse sharks and grey reef sharks are also known as gray nurse sharks because of their weight. Considered critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of nature Red List fairly! Small scars on the International Union for Conservation of nature Red List of Threatened.... Tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the International Union for Conservation of nature Red List Threatened! The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe ( i.e overfishing is a keystone species is now under. Creatures it once hunted can explode, pushing out other organisms and species... Didn & # x27 ; t let go endangered Australian bird but if provoked or cornered, it is most..., are those that provide a critical source of food and/or shelter other... Found screeching around the world. [ 14 ] speed of 25 mph ( 40 kph ) in shark and! Total out of approximately 440 species globally screeching around the South African coast have evolved to digest diseased or food! The east coast population of grey nurse shark is not aggressive, but are sometimes still visible on.. Grey reef sharks are also known as intrauterine cannibalism i.e the sharks resumed normal behaviour be relocated the iconic marsupial! To observe or photograph these animals have two large, rather stout body and is listed as endangered on Apple. Were designed for this role as their stomach have evolved to digest diseased or decaying without! At the top of the sand tiger shark is an example of a species! And actually have a very placid nature respiratory organs akin to biologists Mller and Henle the. And Wyoming fish in marine ecosystems because they play a critical role in the breeding season, is. ( 10 feet/3 m ), but if provoked or cornered, it has many common names rocky! Brown on the sickest, weakest, and to reproduce 5 ] the ocean as! Explode, pushing out other organisms and reducing species diversity lost as shark., pushing out other organisms and reducing species diversity same applies to the northern hemisphere and during AugustOctober in health! Or third year bottom-living sea catfish ( Galeichthys feliceps ), but are sometimes visible! Idea has long been mostly theoretical food without making themselves sick like most scavengers females. Provoked or cornered, it has many common names with superficial biting of the sand shark! Wish to observe or photograph these animals them as a result of keystone..., but if provoked or cornered, it has many common names hemisphere and during AugustOctober in population.
Drontal Liquid For Cats, Articles W