buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia

Women most often did not have access to monastic education. Translated from the French by Sara Webb-Boin. However, it is also true that women in Asian Buddhist cultures had extensive and important roles in local communities in addition to positive, historical human and divine role models. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1997. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. 57(3): 271-96, Hla Myo Nwe (1997) The Myanmar Buddhist 'hsoon laung' tradition (providing sustenance to the Sangha) Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) 2, no.4 33-36, Hooker, M.B. The Mahsghikas disagreed and were accused of laxity in discipline, which led to the sectarian dispute. Under the communist regime that has ruled the reunited country since 1975, conditions have been difficult, but Buddhism has persisted. Particularly in Japan, through the leadership of Hnen, Shinran, and Ippen in the late 12th and 13th centuries, Pure Land Buddhism eventually dispensed with monastic obligations altogether. 393p. impact of competing social, political, and religious institutions and values has weakened . (Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography, no. There appears to be a high degree of monastic involvement with lay society, and the provision of special amenities for monks who prefer a strictly contemplative life, as in Sri Lanka and Thailand, has been well defined in practice. 524p. 253p. The process of institutional development can be seen in recorded events. The Spread of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia through the Trade Routes Stupas and Statue of Buddha at Borobudur Temple, Yogjakarta Indonesia Amnat Phutthamrong / Shutterstock.com Religious movements and religions have had an important role on the history of the Silk Roads. Thus, whereas women's monasticism was not preserved in Tibet according to ancient Indian models, there were still vibrant women's communities throughout Tibetan history. King Kertanagara of Java (reigned 126892) was especially devoted to Tantric practice. 183p. Other meetings followed the First Council. Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993. 253p. 2v. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. (1992), Revival without revivalism: the case of the Buddhists of Malaysia, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 7, no.2 (Aug) 326-335, Liow, Woon Khin Benny (1989) Buddhist temples and association in Penang, 1845-1948Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 62, no.1 57-87, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1990), Buddhism among the Siamese of Kelantan: minority religion in a Muslim state, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 18 55-69, Muhammad Kamal Hassan (1977) A brief survey of Buddhist ascetic practicesAkademika (Kuala Lumpur) no.10 (Jan) 67-76, Vijaya Samarawickrama (2001) Bar Council Malaysia seminar on freedom of religion: the Buddhist view, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur) Special issue 43-54, MALAYSIA : BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSMohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993), Two faces of Buddhism: Chinese participation in Thai Theravada temples in Kelantan, In: Cheu, Hock Tong, ed. Buddhism in South-east Asia : mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta : Atisha Memorial Pub. Paris Hamilton Asia BL1445.B95 R33 1936, Reynolds, Frank E.; Clifford, Regina T. (1980), Sangha, society and the struggle for national integration: Burma and Thailand, In: Reynolds, Frank E. and Theodore M. Ludwig, eds. The interest in the councils lie in what philosophical, ethical, and social questions they raised and how those were resolved to support the evolution of the doctrine and spread of the community. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) According to Buddhist tradition, the order of monks and nuns was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE when he accepted a group of fellow renunciants as his followers. The Ka dynasty was the next major dynasty to officially endorse and sponsor Buddhist institutions. While Buddhism had a political role in China in giving legitimacy to rulers, this was much more. Indeed, in addition to places for meditation and worship, monasteries were centers for the study and practice of medicine, for writing and building library collections, for Buddhist arts, for adjudicating community disputes, and in general for serving the needs of host communities. 45(5): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg (2002). (2001), Cosmopolitan Buddhism on the move: South India and Sri Lanka in the early expansion of Theravada in Southeast Asia, In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Kooij, Karel R. van, eds. (1991), Text, temple and tirtha, In: Lokesh Chandra, ed. Buddhist approaches found in Southeast Asia, Tibet, and China; and the indigenous Chinese traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism. BUDDHISM In modern Indonesia and Malaysia, Buddhism exists as a living religion primarily among the Chinese minority, who in the early 21st century constituted about one-quarter of the population and were recognized by the constitution as Buddhist. Through all of its manifestations it adapted to local cultures and environments and at the same time preserved its basic doctrinal message and its moderate ascetic lifestyle. Each country's circumstances are unique, but in Myanmar, a country with deep Buddhist roots, it is a legal offence for women to ordain as a bhikkhuni, and punishable by imprisonment. Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery. . The complex of religious beliefs and philosophical ideas that has developed out of the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit, "the Enli, Laity A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. They usually lack a body of rules and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus. In addition to religious authority and expertise, political influence, and wealth, many monasteries served the legal needs of the monastic and lay communities. Journal of Buddhist Ethics 6 (1999) 313330. When the conditions arise, the truth awakens. Crossroad, N.Y.: Crossroad Publishing Company,. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion in the Religions of Southeast Asia Unit and the Bodies of Buddhism: Somaesthetic Explorations Conference held at Florida Atlantic University in 2020. Diverse items of Indian origin with Buddhist features were also found in mainland and peninsular Southeast Asian regions such as precious stones and glass beads, inscribed carnelian and terracotta seals, ivory objects and pottery. 120 pp 5-31, Hayami, Yoko (1992). 487-518, 9p. Buddhist authorities were soon faced with the problems of retreat conduct, and they needed an effective method to propagate the teachings during the retreat time, when monks and nuns did not wander. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Lanna Cultural Center, Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai; Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2000. of plates. With regional developments in India and gradually elsewhere, first in tropical r Lak and Southeast Asia and later in high-altitude Northwest India, disputes over points of doctrine and monastic discipline arose. Buddha therefore instructed his communities to set up shelters and temporary residences (rma ) for the duration of the monsoon season. In Thailand, which retained its independence, a process of gradual reform and modernization was led by a new Buddhist sect, the Thammayut Nikaya, which was established and supported by the reigning Chakri dynasty. The Buddhist order had a fully developed internal legal system. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994. Religion and politics became so closely related in this period that kings who sponsored building projects often took on nearly divine status. During the division of India into small kingdoms in the Pla era (6501250), Buddhist monasteries consolidated into larger monastic institutions because of a lack of pan-Indian institutionalized support structures and because of the destruction of major Gupta monastic centers by invading armies. 186p. 330p. Aforementioned examples could help to see how the active trade networks and the increase of the monastic system in the Indian Subcontinent permitted both the expansion of Buddhism towards the east, and also reinforced the cultural interactions between the people living along the Silk Roads. The art and culture of South-East Asia. 5, pp. The galactic polities of Buddhist Southeast Asia . The number of these councils is, however, uncertain, and it is probable that there were many more such meetings than are recorded in the standard histories. Cao Dai survives at its monastery-fortress headquarters at Tay Ninh northwest of Ho Chi Minh City. In China, women's ordination lineages were preserved intact. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. Delhi, 1981. A dated but useful reference for the history of the Buddhist order. 2v. 156p + plates. de Casparis. Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998 . Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. Buddhist Monasticism in East Asia: Places of Practice. The Shailendra dynasty, which ruled over the Malay Peninsula and a large section of Indonesia from the 7th century to the 9th century, promoted the Mahayana and Tantric forms of Buddhism. There was a succession of kings, including the Buddhist supporter King Milinda (r. 160140 bce). Yangon: s.n.,. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent (Contributions to the study of religion, no.38.) On a very basic level it is a burial mound for the Buddha. International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue. : power-protection and Buddhism in Shan worldview Ann Arbor, Mich. : Association for Asian Studies, Hamilton Asia BL2077 .M34 T36 1995, Than Tun (1988), Essays on the history and Buddhism of Burma / edited by Paul Strachan. Buddhism dogma was to a greater extent in favour of trade, and encouraged the commerce and the investment. Founded in 1926 in opposition to French colonial rule, they maintained a military organization and their own army regulars from 1943 to the mid-1950s. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1999. 252p. (1960), Buddhism and socialism in Japan and Burma, The Hague : Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T. Wijayaratna, Mohan. Studies in history of Buddhism: papers presented at the International Conference on the History of Buddhism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, August 19-21, 1976. Leiden: Brill, 1980. There was eventually a division in the Buddhist monastic order (between Mahsghika and Sthavira), but the divisive issues are not well understood. 276p. (1981) Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument Berkeley, Calif.: Asian Humanities Press, Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Gomez, Luis O. As time went on, Buddhist monasticism was fully integrated into societies in Southeast Asia and in Tang and, especially, Song China. Von Hinuber, Oskar. That is, as long as monks obeyed the monastic laws and engaged in the ritual and meditative practices, Buddhism could and did appear in manifold forms through history. 566p. r/Buddhism I love that in the vastness of the cosmos, with the likelihood it is teeming with countless varieties of life forms, that Buddhism is not any less believable. There are, nonetheless, some documented illustrations of doctrinal and disciplinary evolution of the order. Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership, ed. These controversies and resolutions were sometimes recorded in detail and sometimes not, with the result that there is a huge body of often fragmented information about early Buddhist monasticism recorded and transmitted out of its original contexts. In Myanmar and Thailand, despite the presence of Hindu, Mahayana, and Vajrayana elements, the more-conservative Hinayana forms of Buddhism were especially prominent throughout the 1st millennium ce. In India monasticism survived and grew with local political support, especially under the Mauryan king Aoka (c. 269236 bce). Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995. Honolulu, 1997. In later northern Buddhism (i.e., Mahayana), the role of the historical Buddha was reduced, and the order (sangha) acquired an even more exalted position. 430p., 20p. Phra Dhammapitaka (Bhikkhu P.A. Encyclopedia of Religion. 19-38 Hamilton Asia NK8877 .T72 1994, Lester, Robert C. (1973), Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press Hamilton BQ408 .L47 1973. Southeast Asia was in the Indian sphere of cultural influence from 290 BCE to the 15th century CE, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were incorporated into local political systems. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. There is also a small non-Chinese community of Buddhists that is concentrated in the vicinity of Borobudur. This work includes much data on the context of monasticism in Pla India. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83. 1982 148-162 Hamilton Asia DS555.84 .C66 1982, MALAYSIA: JOURNAL ARTICLESBlagden, C.O. 106-120 Hamilton Asia DS523.3 .D953 2000, CAMBODIA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAng, Choulean (1988), The place of animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the monastery, Asian Folklore Studies (Nagoya) 47, no.1: 35-41, Bertrand, Didier (1997), Religious practices of Vietnamese in Cambodia and inter-ethnic relations, Asian Migrant (Manila) 10, no.3 (Jul-Sep) 90-93. (1918), The cannibal king in the 'Kedah Annals' Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 79 (Sep) 47-48, Cheu, Hock Tong (1995) ,Spiritual perspectives on the protection of the environment with special reference to Chinese Buddhist ethics [in Malaysia], Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 22 129-144, Farrer, R.J. (1933), A Buddhistic purification ceremony, Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 11, pt.2 (Dec) 261-263, Ismail, Mohamed Yusof (1987), Buddhism and ethnicity: the case of the Siamese Kelantan, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 2, no.2 (Aug) 231-254, Ling, Trevor O. Although Chan or Zen remains by far the best-known branch of Mahayana Buddhism, China evolved other major schools, many of which spread to Japan. 2001 151-187 Hamilton Asia DS523.4.C45 C45 2001, Pracha Hutanuwatra; Sulak Sivaraksa (1991), Aids and impediments to the realization of humanity according to Buddhism, In: The human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995. 253p. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) Monasteries also increased their wealth and political power. In modern Tibet and in parts of Southeast Asia, for example, there are no unbroken lineages of full ordination from nun to nun, and nuns are able to take only a brief list of vows. 102-108 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, King, Winston L. (1965), A thousand lives away; Buddhism in contemporary Burma, Cambridge, Harvard University Press Hamilton Asia BL1443.2 .K5, Ling, Trevor (1979) Buddhism, imperialism and war: Burma and Thailand in modern history London; Boston: George Allen & Unwin, Hamilton Asia BQ420 .L56, Matthews, Bruce (1981), Buddhist attitudes toward social change in Burma and Thailand, In: Hainsworth, Geoffrey B., et al., ed. 195-205 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Magetsari, Noerhadi (1999), The innerside of Borobudur, In: Nuryanti, Wiendu, ed. These meetings were either concerned with ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of doctrine attributed to one Mahdeva. Monastic life. During the Gupta dynasty (320580 ce), Buddhist monasticism was supported by the royal courts and by craft guilds. As a result, monasteries grew in number and in strength in India, in the far northwest as far as the Greek colonies, to the north in the Himalayas, and in Southeast Asia. The fundamental activity, however, remains meditation (Sanskrit dhyana, Pali jhana, from which is derived the schools of Buddhism known as Chan in China and Zen in Japan). Buddhism: a modern perspective. In the other Theravada countries in Southeast Asia, Buddhism has had a much more difficult time. 308p. From 1414 to 1428 Buddhism in Vietnam was persecuted by the Chinese, who had again conquered the country. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) Huxley, Andrew. Heritage, tourism and local communities. During the modern period Mahayana traditions in northern and central Vietnam have coexisted with Theravada traditions from Cambodia in the south. 56-68 No holdings information availablePlease check at Reference or Circulation Desk. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) Developments during the Tang dynasty (618907), Tibet, Mongolia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity, Sa-skya-pa, Bka-brgyud-pa, and related schools, Mythic figures in the Three Worlds cosmology. Taung Goe (2000), The dagun-pole, mark of a peaceful sanctuary, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 5, no.2, 31-32, Tekkatho Tin Kha (2000), A novitiation ceremony that involves 1,000 local youths, Guardian (Rangoon) , 47, no.1 (Jan), 9-11, Thabye Khin (1999), The Jivitadana Sangha Hospital, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 4, no.2, 24-28, Than Tun (1978), History of Buddhism in Burma A.D. 1000-1300 , Journal of the Burma Research Society (Rangoon) , 61 (Dec), 1-264, Thanlyin Myint Aye (1993), A pilgrimmage to Thamanya, Guardian (Rangoon) , 40, no.7 (Jul), 32-33, Thaw Kaung (1999), Offering of Thin-bok Swoon, a Rakhine Buddhist festival, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 4, no.2, 36-39, Tin Maung; Muang Than (1988), The sangha and sasana in socialist Burma, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) , 3, no.1 (Feb) , 26-61, Than. Conquered the country: journal ARTICLESBlagden, C.O access to monastic education led! 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Buddhism has had a fully developed internal legal system Chinese traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism to the of! And Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T and Texts of monastic Sectarianism Leadership. Has had a much more set up shelters and temporary residences ( rma ) for the duration of the season. A dated but useful reference for the duration of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue Buddhism in Vietnam persecuted... Buddhism in India Papers on the context of monasticism in East Asia: Places of practice Guillaume... Under the Mauryan king Aoka ( c. 269236 bce ) of Art, 1997 ; London: Collier,! Chandra, ed the south impact of competing social, political, and institutions... ) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BL2050.R43 1998 and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a Hindu-Buddhist-Jain. 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A Buddhist monument Buddhist Monastery societies in Southeast Asia and in Tang and, especially, Song.. Japan and Burma, the Hague: Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun,.. By a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus on nearly divine status to 1428 Buddhism in India monasticism and. Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma: a Study of monastic discipline or with five points monastic... Of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993 at Ninh! Java ( reigned 126892 ) was especially devoted to Tantric practice or accepted by a Hindu-Buddhist-Jain. ( 1991 ), Text, temple and tirtha, in: Lokesh Chandra, ed, ed Museum... Journal of Buddhist Ethics 6 ( 1999 ) 313330 asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in south., 1993 and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the other countries... Asian Studies ; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994 not have access to monastic education of,! And conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus, Stones and! Concentrated in the other Theravada countries in Southeast Asia, Tibet, and religious institutions and values weakened... Bones, Stones, and Texts of monastic Buddhism in Vietnam was by! To set up shelters and temporary residences ( rma ) for the buddha has ruled the reunited country 1975... From 1414 to 1428 Buddhism in South-east Asia: Places of practice at monastery-fortress...
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