Education and inquiry were also embraced, which is reflected in poetry that is technically sharp. 2002 "He adds that those seeking the roots of romanticism in such poems should look beyond the mere setting. individualistic perception of the humdrum of life. He comments, "In this temporal arc, Finch mimics the famous evening-to-dawn fantasy of scholarly devotion in John Milton's Il Penseroso (1631), but she focuses more on sensory absorption of the nocturnal world than on the humoral disposition associated with it." Not only did he stand firmly on his Catholicism and his staunch view of the divine right of kings, he also lacked diplomacy. "A Nocturnal Reverie In the following excerpt, Mintz discusses how Finch's nature poems, including "A Nocturnal Reverie," utilize the natural world as a spiritual and political counterbalance to an anti-feminist society. There is instead a process of idealization, an exchange of attributes, which transforms the grief-stricken female singer into an exemplary model, one that applies to all poets. Mathew Arnold had come to this beach with his young . That is, the connection with nature, described in the lines of "a nocturnal reverie", brings to the speaker good, happy and calm feelings (composedness). She also remarks that the nighttime celebration does not last long. //]]>. Little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The collection ended with a blank verse pastoral tragedy (Aristomenes: or the Royal Shepherd), which followed perhaps her most ambitiously experimental poem, the fifty-line, single-sentence "Nocturnal Reverie." Finch's work only recently entered the Norton Anthology and she remains "under-studied" among newly canonical writers. In fact, many romantics considered nature to be among their wisest teachers. . For nearly a century, romanticism dominated English literature. MAJOR WORKS: Edmund Gosse is typical in his assessment of her capacity for "seeing nature and describing what she sees" and so of offering "accurate transcripts of country life." Fresh grass stands strong and upright, suggesting that this poem takes place during spring. Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, was born in April 1661 to Anne Haselwood and Sir William Kingsmill. I would add to these convincing readings the possibility that the petition is a suit for and mapping out of both a place and a process of writing, which could be protected from the incursions of artifice, ambition, dishonesty, and isolating competitiveness. LINE BY LINE ANALYSIS OF THE POEM Stanza One. A reverie is a dream or dream like state and what quickly becomes apparent is that this meditation on the night-time world sees attractive tranquillity everywhere. Pope's classic An Essay on Criticism was published in 1711. Thus the poem in part exhibits what is both "male" and "female"but in such a way as to deprive each category of ontological status. Also in 1711, two other major players in Augustan literature, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele established The Spectator, a journal that would become the most influential periodical of the century. A Nocturnal Reverie By Anne Finch Summary. Elliott's guide to the sounds of animals and insects at night includes descriptions, explanations, and pictures to help the reader identify and enjoy the sounds of night. Finch was a well-educated woman who took care with her poetry to ensure that it was technically sound.. The fantasized locale of "The Petition" is an abundant natural place laden with "All, that did in Eden grow" (except the "Forbidden Tree") (35-36), a place of "Unaffected Carelesness" (71) far "from Crouds, and Noise" (126), a place where, the speaker exults, she might "remain secure, / Waste, in humble Joys and pure" (202-3). They tacitly acknowledged her demystifying rejection of transcendent flight in their praise of her as an earth-bound "nature" poet. The entire scene is a jubilee, a group celebration shared by the elements of nature and witnessed by the speaker. The speaker lovingly embraces the serenity of nature at night. These poems, she goes on to argue, are products of their age which do not prefigure Romanticism in any significant way: Finch sees human beings as providing the spiritual continuity and depth to life, even within the context of a natural retreat. Among the strongest advocates for considering "A Nocturnal Reverie" as serious poetry is Christopher Miller, writing in Studies in English Literature. James II was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685-88. The poem is so rich, lavish, and utterly inviting, the reader must wonder if the speaker is describing a dream she had just before she awoke in the morning, or if she actually wandered through nature at night and, in her relaxation, fell into a dreamlike state. What were their backgrounds and what subjects did they choose for their work? Another kind of ambiguity has to do with the nature of the . Every element that the speaker encounters in her nighttime adventure is alive and familiar because it possesses some characteristic or behavior that seems human. Implicit in many other poems is a tendency to self-consciousness which results from their overtly explicit secondariness. Learn More. He was a Catholic king whose strong arm angered and disgruntled Protestant Britain. Her . In the conventional ode, this lack is reflected, as Norman Maclean put it, in the speaker's hope "that the quality he is contemplating will make its power felt again in him." Personification is a literary device with which the author assigns human characteristics to non-human entities and is similar to anthropomorphism. Compare & Contrast Then James and his wife gave birth to an heir, which provoked his opponents to take action. 46, No. In poetry, Pope was the primary writer and representation of the Augustan Age. The poem thus records a tectonic unsteadiness, working to deconstruct the myth of women as beautiful but insignificant even as it manifests the poet's anxiety about the "beauty" of her work in the very world that imposes that censure. Rebellions against the king did nothing to slow him down in his mission. When Church leaders, especially a group of bishops, resisted James's orders to bring politics to the pulpit, the winds began to blow more strongly against James. The novel saw tremendous growth as a literary form, satire was popular, and poetry took on a more personal character. The dominant "I" gives an. By dint of such acknowledgment, however, she exacts her own form of condemnation, utilizing this catalogue of patriarchal insults ("an intruder," "a presumptuous creature") to impugn the culture's construction of a "fair sex" confined to "the dull manage of a servile house" (19) and to the shallow maintenance of beauty. Finch's style in "A Nocturnal Reverie" is also very lush and descriptive, as so much of romantic poetry is, and the experience is described in relation to the speaker's emotional response to it. Hello, sign in. 42, No. Neoclassical poetry, pre-romantic poetry is characterized by the following features . Instead, Finch initially at least wants to universalize the opposition radically, by stripping it of the customary attributes of gender, by elevating the poet, muse, and nightingale to ideal categories. Capable of both serious reflection and satirical wit, of tender tributes to marital love and female friendship as well as harsh judgements on the modes and manners of her time, she was clearly a considerable poet, and it is easy to agree with Barbara McGovern's judgement that she has been seriously underestimated. Zephyr was the Greek god of the west wind, which was considered the most gentle and inviting wind. Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions, London: printed for J [ohn] B [arber] and sold by Benj. Yet this process of idealization necessarily involves a suppression of the gender that enables this model to come into existence. When they sleep is when nature can enjoy its celebratory expression. He deems it "remarkable," noting the poem's wandering in content and continuous subordinate clause. The speaker's recognition of this impotence is undoubtedly accompanied by the loss of a conviction in the possibility of a union of sound and sense. [LECT. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The poem's title bears the word reverie which is a dream or dream-like state. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 448-49. The natural world is the 'inferior world', even when the poet's soul 'thinks it like her own' - a joyful delusion, but a delusion nonetheless. It is often said of Finch that she was a pivotal writer, echoing predominant seventeenth-century poetic patterns (in particular, the theme of female friendship in Katherine Philips and the poetry of pastoral retreat); using popular eighteenth-century forms to her own, sometimes feminist, sometimes sociopolitical aims; and finally, gesturing toward the inward-looking preoccupations of the Romantics. Further, women might find "Wit" here, that elusive quality of mind and poetry held so firmly"To Woman ne'er allow'd before"by men. Anne Finch 1661 - 1720. The fact that Wordsworth praised her in terms which suggest that she was primarily a nature poet has led to the inclusion in standard anthologies of her Nocturnal Reverie and Petition for an Absolute Retreat despite the fact that, as Barbara McGovern points out, of the more than 230 poems she wrote only about half a dozen are devoted primarily to descriptions of external nature, and these, with the exception of the two just named, are not among her better poems (p. 78). Following Kathryn's line of thought and looking around, Seven noticed . Today: Women are some of the most popular, celebrated, and frequently published poets. In "A Nocturnal Reverie" by Anne Finch, the speaker's attitude toward the morning is the following: it is a time for renewed toil and activity. Finch's husband, Colonel Heneage Finch, built a career in government affairs and was active in James II's court. "To the Nightingale" is also important in the history of poetry for another reason. DIED: 1973, Vienna, Austria There is evidence of Finch's feminist attitudes in this poem because Finch deliberately uses different masculine and feminine words to describe day vs. night. Having been appointed, at the age of 21, maid of honour to Mary of Modena, the future wife of James II, she (and her husband) remained loyal to James when he was forced into exile by the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were among the Non-jurors who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new monarchs William and Mary. The speaker describes a night in which all harsh winds are far away, and the gentle breeze of Zephyr, Greek god of the west wind, is soothing. Annie Finch (born October 31, 1956) is an American poet, critic, editor, translator, playwright, and performer and the editor of the first major anthology of literature about abortion.Her poetry is known for its often incantatory use of rhythm, meter, and poetic form and for its themes of feminism, witchcraft, goddesses, and earth-based spirituality. She was a major female poet during her lifetime, whose work spanned genres and addressed a variety of subjects. Here, Finch anticipates the "censure" (2) that will attend any woman's entrance into the public sphere, and assumes that men will be quick to "condemn" (7) women's writing as "insipid, empty, uncorrect" (4): Worried about exposing a lack of wit, Finch displays her intelligence through irony, appeal to biblical authority, and rhetorical sophistication, thus proving the inadequacy of misogynistic denouncement. Yet it is precisely this collapse of faith which may help us to assess the main body of her poetry. And many have attained, dull and untaught, The name of wit only by finding fault. Numerous women have earned the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, including Natasha Trethewey in 2007. Which setting do you prefer? As soon as the sun When an author employs anthropomorphism, he or she assigns these human characteristics literally, such as having a character who is a talking animal. The complaint that opens "The Introduction," for example, is well known for its pithy illustration of the obstacles facing women writers. The wind is not merely a lucky turn of the weather, but an act by the Greek god of the west wind himself. Yet the ambivalence generated by the speaker's failure to achieve this hope, which is evident in "To The Nightingale," is also present in the other two poems. The noise of the smart lock going off took her out of her reverie, and she turned to Wei Ying coming in. Such a reading turns a private lament about the failure of interpersonal communication into a direct statement about the poet's wish for public approval of her writing as well as her careful perusal of readers' responses for the approbation she hopes they might contain. She is usually described as a poet of sensation, not song. This poem is one continuous telling of the speaker's experience; it tells a story in a clear path from the beginning to the end. For example, a classical poem could be recast in a seventeenth-century setting or could merely be retold in a way that thinly veiled criticism of current events. The Thomas Gray Archive is a collaborative digital archive and research project devoted to the life and work of eighteenth-century poet, letter-writer, and scholar Thomas Gray (1716-1771), author of the acclaimed 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard' (1751). Barbara McGovern devotes two chapters to Finch's use of the pastoral, a genre to which she returned constantly throughout her life and which she adapted to a wide range of styles and themes. It is crucial, I think, to Finch's ideological and literary purposes that though the poem amply analogizes the quality of experience possible in the "Retreat," it also rests in a subjective mood, called for and imagined but never realized within the frame of the poem itself. "A Nocturnal Reverie" also boasts highly technical construction. 159-78. 445-46. The poem is a neat and even fifty lines long, composed of twenty-five heroic couplets. In short, how can, and should, a woman write? DIED: 1687, Beaconsfield, England But Augustan literature was not merely biting wit and lengthy verse and prose. If a writer can't trust words, how can she trust that an unfriendly audience will accept poetry from a woman? In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. After her mother was remarried to Sir Thomas Ogle in 1662, the couple had a daughter named Dorothy who was a close sister and lifelong friend to Finch. Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! The poem has its origins in a rather peculiar story. Neither mark predominates. Although, as Barbara McGovern points out, there was a tradition of melancholic poetry at the period, Finch's poem is unique in that it combines an intensely personal approach with rigorous analysis and stark realism, and because the subject raises issues regarding both the nature of poetic commitment and the right of a woman to become a poet. From the analysis of this essay we can find Lamb's characteristic way of expression. Anthropomorphism means to endow a non-human character with human traits and behaviours. However, she sees Finch's poem as a revisionary version of Rochester's more famous satire. Jamie Stanesa in Dictionary of Literary Biography weighs in with the comment, "Finch's expression is more immediate and simple, and her versification ultimately exhibits an Augustan rather than a pre-Romantic sensibility." We observed brain activity every 15 min for 1 hr following abrupt awakening from slow wave . Because James did not seem likely to produce an heir, whereas his Protestant brother already had children, most of James's opponents were willing to tolerate a temporary Catholic rule on the hope that another Protestant reign was in the offing. "Nocturnal Reverie" 6. Despite what it says on the cover, this book is definitely not "a true story". She explains that the images "are common to melancholic verse: moonlight, an owl's screech, darkened groves and distant caverns, falling waters, winds, ancient ruins, and shadows that cast an eerie gloom over the entire isolated scene." John Donne's witty, punny, passionate "The Canonization" was first published in his posthumous 1633 collection, Poems. As a result of their persistent Jacobitism they were exiled from court and faced a future of persecution and financial hardship. the " coppice gate" at the " dregs" of the winter day. In Great Britain, the dominant writers of what is considered the Augustan Age were Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Sir Richard Steele, and Joseph Addison. But the nature of their roles is altogether different from that traditionally associated with the two figures. The letter was well timed for William, as the Dutch Republic faced war with France. Prentice Hall - 1977. NATIONALITY: British Barbara McGovern includes, as an Appendix, a selection of poems from the Wellesley Manuscript. It exemplifies what is perhaps Finch's most sophisticated attempt to master a recurrent problem of the seventeenth-century female poet: how to participate in a discourse in which the poet is defined as a masculine subject. "The Apology" 5. After enduring failing health for a number of years, Finch died on August 5, 1720. He succeeded his brother King Charles II, who died in 1685 after achieving a peaceful working relationship between the king and Parliament. Pope's essay and Addison and Steele's periodical are two major additions to England's literary history, and "A Nocturnal Reverie" comes on their heels, written by a woman who kept up with such things. The footnotes are extremely full and satisfyingly scholarly, although a reasonably well-informed reader may feel that some of the better-known historical backgroundthe Great Fire of London, or the Glorious Revolution, for examplehas been annotated rather too heavily. Find three to five works of art that, when combined, give a sense of the poem's setting. FURT, Waller, Edmund Further, the giants of the Augustan Age were in full force at the time Finch wrote "A Nocturnal Reverie." It begins with the speaker describing the atmosphere and on a metaphorical note goes on to describe the " sunset" and " evening star". Analysis: "Ode to a Nightingale" . a nocturnal reverie analysis line by line. She describes groves that, with little light, are softened with the near absence of shadow. ''A Nocturnal Reverie'' also boasts highly technical construction. Toward the end of the period, literature raised questions and expressed doubt. The end of the poem, however, reveals the comment the poet makes about the struggles of daily life in civilization. Written by Mary Howitt in the 19 th century, The Spider and the Fly is a cautionary fable that falls in this dark humour category. This poem remains one of Finch's best-loved and most-anthologized works. Arminda, then, serves as less the singular exception than as an embodied metaphor for what might obtain for women by pursuing "those Windings and that Shade"what the speaker herself calls, later in the poem, "Contemplations of the Mind" (283). "The Petition" reiterates that project in a striking way, suggesting that the subversive ambiguities of a woman's work may provide the necessary "overgrowth" to protect it from male dismissal. This would place Finch alongside writers such as Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Jonathan Swift, who are considered great British writers and some of the best satirists ever published. Romanticism as a literary movement lasted from 1798, with the publication of Lyrical Ballads to some time between the passage of the first Re, Imagism "To The Nightingale" is thus explicitly concerned with the limits of poetic signification. During this time, England saw its own Industrial Revolution, major political reform, and the introduction of such philosophical perspectives as Utilitarianism. ''A Nocturnal Reverie'' contains qualities of both Augustan and romantic literature, therefore a look at the literary-historical context of the poem's composition helps determine where it properly belongs. Summary: Captain Kathryn Janeway takes her most trusted crewmember, Seven of Nine, on an away mission. Instead, Finch suggests a wholly different method of breaking down patriarchal schema via poetic meanderingkind of post-lapsarian revision of the scene of errored wandering that constitutes lapsarian lossthat might conduct women to paradisal space. At the end of the poem, she describes the day as a time of confusion, work, and worry. As many have noted, Finch's complete oeuvre includes a broad range of poetic forms; Hinnant remarks that it is "one of the most diverse of any English poetencompassing songs, pastorals, dialogues, Pindaric odes, tales, beast fables, hymns, didactic compositions, biblical paraphrases, verse epistles, and satires" (17). On February 13, 1689, the two officially assumed the throne. Many of Finch's poems may, as Brower insisted, be characterized as attenuated metaphysical verse, the work of a "minor poetess" in a period of transition. The distant night sky is depicted as enigmatic and elusive. Because the invocation to the muse is evoked in terms of its possible relation to a surrogate self with whom the poet cannot identify, we become aware that poetry cannot become the unequivocal reappropriation of natural song. al., W. W. Norton, 1986, pp. "Poetry," in Pulitzer Prizes, http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Poetry (accessed October 17, 2008). In the following essay, Jump addresses the misrepresentation of Finch as a nature poet and the resultant popularity of such poems as "A Nocturnal Reverie.". Finding romantic elements in "A Nocturnal Reverie" is not difficult. 95, Eighteenth-Century British Poets, First Series, Gale Research, 1990, pp. Abstract. Other critics are more interested in the poem itself than in its proper category within English poetry. We can see in this essay, primarily, a supreme expression of the increasing loneliness of his life. Finch's command of the verse is steady throughout the poem and it never feels out of control or rambling. 808 certified writers online. Barbara McGovern sets out to redress the balance. Reuben A. Brower notes in Studies in Philology, "In the eighteenth century the poetry of religious meditation and moral reflection merged with the poetry of natural description in a composite type," which includes Finch's "A Nocturnal Reverie. 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